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This article incorporates text by Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Zielinska-Blizniewska H, Malinowska K, Zajdel K, Zakonnik L, Zajdel R available under the CC BY 4.0 license

Smokers reported feeling shame, guilt and embarrassment for their smoking behavior and used words such as leper, outcast, bad person, low-life and pathetic to describe themselves, the study found

Cigarette smoke-induced epithelial cell-derived exosomes regulate the apoptosis of endothelial cells

For this reason, frequent smoking and excessive drinking are risk factors for several health conditions

Furthermore, in animal models, exposure to cigarette smoke results in increased acetylated histone in the lung and decreased HDAC activity, and both of these events would enhance gene expression (Marwick et al