2 Mechanisms of ferroptosis 2.1 Lipid peroxidation Lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cell membranes is a crucial feature of ferroptosis ( Figure 1 ) ( Figure 1 2.2 Iron dyshomeostasis Iron is a significant material basis for metabolic processes, including mitochondrial respiration, DNA synthesis, and cell signaling, but ferroptosis may occur when it accumulates excessively ( 2+ ) and ferric (Fe 3+ ) ions ( Figure 1 ) ( 2+ , primarily generated from erythrocyte degradation and intestinal absorption, can enhance ROS production through the Fenton reaction, thus facilitating lipid peroxidation ( In vivo , free Fe 2+ enhances the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), enzymes that catalyze polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids (PUFA-PLs) oxidation, thereby affecting lipid peroxidation ( 2+ to Fe 3+ , which binds to transferrin (Tf) and endocytosis into cells through the action of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) ( 3+ is reduced to Fe 2+ through six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostatic 3 (STEAP3) and transferred from endosome/lysosome to the cytosol via apical bivalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) ( 2+ , thus promoting lipid peroxidation through the Fenton reaction, and the heightened ROS eventually induces ferroptosis ( 2.3 System Xc-/GSH/GPX4 pathway Glutathione (GSH), which mainly includes cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine, is a vital inhibitor and endogenous antioxidant in ferroptosis ( Figure 1 ) ( 3 Correlation between ferroptosis and pain Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between ferroptosis and neuropathic pain (NP) and bone pain (BP) ( Figure 2 ) ( Figure 2 Analogously, increased iron levels were detected in the spinal cords of BCP mice ( 4 Ferroptosis and pain-related illness 4.1 Neuropathic pain-related diseases 4.1.1 Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease with the most common and severe symptoms of NP and spasticity, affects approximately 2.1 million people worldwide ( Figure 3 ) (65, 66)
Since its discovery in 1961, liposome has been used extensively for many years in the medical community to deliver tiny amounts of therapeutic substances to specific target organs and tissues without being altered
You cannot avoid every toxin, and you are not meant to
Glucose deprivation leads to the decreased GPx1 protein levels, which may regulate autophagy Thus, we hypothesized that cancer cells downregulate GPx1 to regulate autophagy in response to glucose deprivation
Imaging 14 BretelerM
