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In PD, progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons disrupts this delicate balance, reducing striatal dopamine levels and impairing the direct and indirect pathways

Metformin treatment decreases the expression of cancer stem cell marker CD44 and stemness related gene expression in primary oral cancer cells

These differences highlight Acetyl L-Carnitine's specialized role in supporting cognitive health and brain function, alongside its general benefits related to energy metabolism and physical performance

10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143956 Food Chem

each R46, R47, R48 and R49 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, substituted alkyl, eye lo alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hetero arylalkyl, substituted hetero arylalkyl, -NR50R51, -C(O)R50 or -S(O)2R50 or optionally R50 and R51 together with the atom to which they are both attached form a cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring